Some errors in joulisian's post (he mixed up advantage/disadvantage at certain points.. I think. Lol) but in general his concept in correct. Though this sort of thing is at a slightly higher level, at a level where yomi and character knowledge becomes more important than execution or combos.
Basics would include mastering what your character CAN do.
This would mean understanding his/her basic pokes and how much advantage/disadvantage and how safe those pokes are.
Picking out your Tech Crouch and Tech Jump moves, as well as evasive moves (Xiang's 44B, 66A+B, Mina's 4A etc.) These are a lot easier to pull out of your ass than stepping/backdashing and doing big punishment. So i'd recommend you'd start with these before going on to the riskier option of step/backdash.
This also means mastering your combos, understanding when your launchers or pokes can get you more damage, or favorable wakeup, as well as where to abuse that wake up.
Finally, learning how to punish your character is essential.
Its a little late right now, so i'm not so keen on typing a character specific example, but here's a post on learning how to punish that I wrote in the Kilik SAs.
http://www.8wayrun.com/showpost.php?p=2323&postcount=2
Hopefully that's enough for you to understand the concept of punishment.
After you're used to all this, then comes learning how to find and use your frame data, when and how to step/backdash to your advantage and understanding Yomi.
Once you get a glimpse of the above, you'll want to make your decision between casual play or competitive play. Because chances are depending on that decision, the way you view yomi and frame data will change.
If you decide to play casual, you'll be looking more towards players with your own mindset. Casual players are a very important contribution to the community as well, because these players are the ones who are more willing to play around with different ideas and maybe discover things that may be useful to the competitive scene. (Like bugs/glitches.. :P A lot of stuff in SC2 ended up adding to the complexity of competitive instead of breaking the game. Remember G2? TER? etc.etc.)
Once you decide to play competitively, anti-character becomes alarmingly important, along with learning how to bait effectively, like the use severely disadvantageous situations or planning your throws etc. A whole new world opens up with this decision and you'll find yourself working with the game more and at the same time.. discovering a new realm of fun with the game.